The History Iran Sanctions - 1979 Through 2017

Although the United States imposed sanctions against Iran for decades, none levered the country into compliance with international rules regarding terrorism or nuclear energy. By early 2012, however, evidence appeared to be mounting that sanctions by both the U.S. and its global allies were hurting Iran. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action went into effect in 2015, easing tensions and sanctions considerably. Most of the sanctions cut into Irans oil exports, which account for 85 percent of the countrys export revenue. Irans repeated threats to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital oil conduit, to international use indicated at one point that Iran was kicking at global oil usage to relieve pressure on its own oil industry. The Carter Years Islamic radicals captured 52 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held them hostage for 444 days beginning in November 1979. U.S. President Jimmy Carter tried unsuccessfully to free them, including authorizing a military rescue attempt. Iranians did not free the hostages until just after Ronald Reagan replaced Carter as president on January 20, 1981. The United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran in 1980 in the midst of that crisis. The U.S. also levied its first round of sanctions against Iran during this time. Carter banned imports of Iranian oil, froze some $12 billion in Iranian assets in the U.S. and later banned all U.S. trade with and travel to Iran in 1980. The U.S. lifted the embargoes after Iran released the hostages. Sanctions Under Reagan The Reagan Administration declared Iran a state sponsor of terrorism in 1983. As such, the U.S. opposed international loans to Iran. When Iran began threatening traffic through the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz in 1987, Reagan authorized naval escorts for civilian ships and signed a new embargo against Iranian imports. The United States also banned the sale of dual-use items to Iran – civilian goods with the possibility of military adaptation. The Clinton Years President Bill Clinton expanded U.S. sanctions against Iran in 1995. Iran was still labeled a state sponsor of terrorism and President Clinton took this action amid widespread fear it was pursuing weapons of mass destruction. He prohibited all American involvement with the Iranian petroleum industry. He banned all American investment in Iran in 1997, as well as what little U.S. trade remained with the country. Clinton also encouraged other countries to do the same. Sanctions Under George W. Bush The United States repeatedly froze the assets of people, groups or businesses identified as helping Iran sponsor terrorism under President George W. Bush, as well as those perceived as supporting Irans efforts to destabilize Iraq. The U.S. also froze the assets of foreign entities believed to be helping Iran in those areas. The United States  also banned so-called U-turn financial transfers involving Iran. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, a U-turn transfer involves Iran but originates and ends with non-Iranian foreign banks. Obamas Sanctions of Iran President Barack Obama has been strident with Iranian sanctions. He banned some imports of Iranian foodstuffs and carpets in 2010, and Congress also allowed him to tighten Iranian sanctions with the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA). Obama could encourage non-U.S. petroleum firms to halt the sale of gasoline to Iran, which has poor refineries. It imports nearly one-third of its gasoline. The CISADA also prohibited foreign entities from using American banks if they do business with Iran. The Obama Administration sanctioned Venezuelas nationalized oil company for trading with Iran in May 2011. Venezuela and Iran are close allies. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad traveled to Venezuela in early January 2012 to meet with President Hugo Chavez, in part  about the sanctions. In June 2011, the Treasury Department announced new sanctions against Irans Revolutionary Guard (already named in other sanctions), the Basij Resistance Force, and Iranian law enforcement entities. Obama ended 2011 by signing a defense funding bill that would allow the U.S. to cease dealing with financial institutions that do business with Irans central bank. The bills sanctions took effect between February and June 2012. Obama was given the power to waive aspects of the bill if implementation would hurt the U.S. economy. It was feared that limiting access to Iranian oil would drive up gasoline prices. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Six world powers joined together in 2013 to negotiate with Iran, offering relief from some sanctions if Iran would cease its nuclear efforts. Russia, Britain, Germany, France, and China joined the U.S. in this effort, which finally resulted in an agreement in 2015. Then came the prisoner swap in 2016, with the U.S. exchanging seven imprisoned Iranians in exchange for Iran releasing five Americans it was holding. The U.S. lifted its sanctions against Iran under President Obama in 2016.   President Donald J. Trump President Trump announced in April 2017 that his administration intends to review the countrys history of sanctions against Iran. Although many feared this would potentially eradicate the terms of the 2015 deal due to Irans continued support of terrorism, the review was, in fact, provided for and mandatory under the terms of the 2015 pact.

The Assassination Of Julius Caesar - 1516 Words

His name is Brutus he lives in the deepest part of Hell right next to Satan himself, he had betrayed his closest friend and for that he resides in the coldest part of Satan s kingdom. He is one of three of Satan s apprentices the son, father and holy spirit. He is in the ninth circle of hell for his betrayal against the state of Rome, which ultimately lead to the fall of Rome. He was one of the main conspirators in helping in the assassination of Julius Caesar. His sins have landed him in the most treacherous part of hell where he will be thinking about his actions for an eternity. Brutus was born in Macedonia 85 BCE. He had a happy childhood with a positive upbringing. Brutus had a wealthy family so his next meal or clothes were never a problem, he lived in the lap of luxury for a large portion of his life. As Brutus got older he dreamed of being a king or a general, he just wanted to have power. He decided to join the Roman army and he made his way up the ranks fast because of family ties he had throughout the military. After only a few years in the army Brutus became a general and his dream had finally came true. He began conquering land and fighting in many battles. After countless victories, Brutus started to become very bored, and his fellow general Julius Caesar was making more of a name for himself. Brutus became very jealous of Julius because he strived to be the best at everything, even if he was surpassing a good friend s achievements. As time passed byShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1325 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength to fear, dictatorship, and voraciousness. These powerful aristocrats were emperors, sat on the top of Rome’s social order, but many of these emperors abused their status and ability. Roman emperors’ history was all mixed ingredients of love, assassination, vengeance, terror, voracity, jealousy, and haughtiness. The first century AD of the Roman Empire became a perilous period of imperialism because hereditary rule. Emperors in this epoch were not selected based on their skill and trustworthinessRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1768 Words   |  8 Pages Wendy Voong History 101 J.Duran 24 October 2014 The Assassination of Julius Caesar â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar† by Michael Parenti goes into details about the events that lead up to the death of Caesar due to class conflicts. In 44 BC, the assassination of Julius Caesar was lead by conspiring members of the Roman senate who wanted to remove the dictator, who was increasingly acquiring power, and to revive the Republic government. Parentis book protestsRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1213 Words   |  5 PagesOn the Ides of March one of the most famous assassinations took place; the assassination of the leader of the Roman republic, Julius Caesar. The death of Julius Caesar allowed Gaius Julius Octavius who would later be given the title Augustus by the senate, to enter the political realm of Rome by accepting his inherited power. But before Augustus could gain any control in Rome he had to defeat his opposition, Mark Antony who also sought to gain control of Rome at the time. Augustus managed to defeatRead MoreThe Assassination of Ju lius Caesar Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of Julius Caesar The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44BC by conspiring members of the Roman senate was an effort to remove a dictator whose power had grown to extraordinary levels and to revive the Republic government. Caesar’s power span throughout the entire Roman Empire, which during his reign extended from present day Syria, down into parts of Africa, over to Spain, most of France and all of Italy. He had the favor of the people, military and most of the Roman governmentRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar As A Roman Dictator1086 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar was a Roman Dictator who was both loved and hated by those that he ruled over. Throughout the world, he has been written about in a variety of different ways and is portrayed as a politician as well as a selfish dictator. Three â€Å"firsthand† accounts that were written to give us a better understanding of Julius Caesar were â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar†, â€Å"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetoniusà ¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"Plutarch, The Assassination of Julius Caesar, from Marcus Brutus†. We will explore the writingsRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar By Michael Parenti961 Words   |  4 PagesNicholas Okada 10/21/14 APWH Period 4 Book Review: The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti highlights the many significant people and events that characterized the late Roman Republic. Specifically, he focuses on the time period between the election of Tiberius Grachus, to the rise of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. In this account of history, Parenti presents the social, political, and economic aspects of the Roman cultureRead MoreJulius Caesar s Assassination On Rome, Politically And Socially1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis investigation evaluates the question, to what extent did Julius Caesar s assassination affect Rome, politically and socially. Gaius Julius Caesar, famously known for his brilliant military strategies and shrewd political expertise, helped transform the Roman Republic into one of the greatest civilization in the western world. During his reign, Julius Ceasar expanded Rome’s geographical territory across Ancient Europe immensely, conquering areas of present-day France and Britain. The i nvestigationRead MoreJustification of Caesar’s Assassination in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar878 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, wrote the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. The story takes place toward the end of the Roman Republic in 44 BC in Ancient Rome. The play follows the words and actions of the Roman senators, plebeians and their emperor Julius Caesar. As the story begins, readers find out the many of the senators are not pleased with Caesar as a ruler of the Roman people. Two characters, Brutus and Cassius are especially passionate about killing Caesar to end his rule. Through discussing plans andRead MoreGaius Cassius Longinu Part in the Assissination of Julius Ceasar797 Words   |  3 PagesCassius, full name Gaius Cassius Longinus, was recalled as a good soldier with a terrible temper and in politics, irrational and drowned by vanity. In his time he was a Roman senator, also known by his part-taking in the assassination of Julius Caesar. In his early years, he studied philosophy under Archelaus, and was fluent in Greek. His wife, Junia Tertia was the half-sister of co-conspirator Brutus. Cassius served under Crassus, He took part in saving Remnants of the Roman army against theRead MoreJulius Caesar ´s Death: Analysis Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesShould Julius Caesar have been killed? This question has plagued history for years without a real answer. Julius Caesar was corrupt and all powerful, and his death saved Rome. It really is that simple; he declared himself dictator for life and ignored the Senate’s power. A man with that much power can only hurt a nation. Julius Caesar was a blood thirsty man. He fought everyone he could just to extend Rome. (Julius Caesar. ) He savagely killed anyone that got in his way. Many may say that he was

Ethylene Oxide (EtO)

Questions: 1. Define the characteristics of ethylene oxide2. Define the characteristics of ethylene oxide covering toxicological effects and physiologic effects3. Discuss the OSHA exposure standards, personal protection equipments and correct sampling process for ethylene oxide. Answers: Introduction Ethylene Oxide (EtO) is a colorless, flammable gas that smells like ether at toxic levels. EtO is workable gas for many industrial and commercial purposes as intermediate, fumigant and sterilant of medical equipments. However, with potential utility characteristics, this gas also persist potential hazardous characteristics. As employees working in medical premises it is important to get knowledge on these characteristics of EtO as well as the process to minimise its hazardous outcomes of EtO sterilisation machine (Reichert Young, 1997, p.34). As a safety officer, Mr. Roy Whittaker has constructed this short description of essential data or information that employees at Blackheath Community Hospital need to know regarding new Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Machine to be installed in the organization. 1. Defining the characteristics of ethylene oxide The following are some of the most important characteristics of EtO sterilisation machine that every employee should know: - The EtO exposure rate is limited to a part of the million air parts and is measured as TWA that is 8-hour time-weighted average. The short-term exposure limit for EtO is 5 ppm for average sampling time of 15 minutes that is known as permissible exposure limits (PELs) The action level is calculated as per 8-hour TWA for employee exposure as threshold limit as per these standards. The OSHA standards provide knowledge on EtO occupational exposure, handling of materials containing EtO and processing protocol (Ackert-Burr, 2010, p. 285). 2. Defining the characteristics of ethylene oxide covering toxicological effects and physiologic effects Physiological effects The mild effects of EtO include irritation in eyes, skin, dermal and respiratory tract. Anaphylaxis Type-1 and Contact dermatitis Type -4 along with occupational asthma is commonly observed in people with EtO exposure. The common disease resulting due to the toxicology of EtO includes blurred eye, blisters, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, and convulsions. The reproductive effects of EtO involve risk conditions in pregnancy as well as chances of abortion in women (Arnold et al. 2011). The neurological effects of ethylene oxide involve a major effect on the central nervous system. These are reports indicating the development of axonal degeneration as well as defects in the myelin sheath of the brain due to EtO exposure 1300mg. Genetic effects of gas involve an increase in chromosomal materials like chromatin material, lymphocytes and micronuclei. Breakage in genetic material DNA can also occur due to EtO exposure. EtO is also capable of generating carcinogenic effect giving birth to different cancers like leukaemia, Stomach, pancreases, haematopoietic, brain cancer etc. (Lewis et al. 2003). Toxicological effects Ethylene oxide causes toxicity by inhalation above the TWA limits leading to irritation in mucous membranes of throat and nose. EtO toxicology is known as acute poisoning. A bit higher toxicity of EtO can lead to trachea and bronchi damages as well as partial lung collapse. The occurrence of pulmonary oedema and cardiovascular damages are observed in the case of long-term ethylene oxide exposure of minimum 72 hours (Toxicological profile for ethylene oxide, 2016). 3. Discussing the OSHA exposure standards, personal protection equipments and correct sampling process for ethylene oxide OSHA exposure standards The following are OSHA exposure standards for employee collected from (OSHA factsheet, 2016). As discussed above the TWA level of ethylene oxide exposure the activities like air monitoring, medical examinations, training and labelling should be completed within this threshold time limit. The employees cannot release airborne EtO concentrations at of above the mentioned action level under normal circumstances If the employee exceeds the PEL level to ethylene oxide exposure than they should follow the required actions to avoid risk. Use of work practice and engineering controls mentioned in OSHA standards are recommended to control the exposure of ethylene oxide. The personal, area and leak monitoring are keen requirements to be performed for EtO exposure Employees should follow the written compliance program developed to reduce exposure risk of EtO Establish a specific area that allows Eto exposure above the threshold limit time that is named as leak area restricted for specific use Employee should strictly follow personal monitoring protocol as per OSHA standards to tackle this exposure The medical surveillance program is mentioned as keen requirement to be established in the organization to monitor employee exposure and risk Try to maintain employee rotation as per 8-hour TWA exposure limit time Provide warning labels on equipments or containers that cause high EtO exposure Select, maintain and provide personal protection equipments for the personal safety of the employee. Maintain initial and periodic monitoring of employee on regular basis to detect exposure rate Additional monitoring should be processed for any change in workplace conditions Medical surveillance compulsory for employee assigned in high exposure area and emergency EtO exposure above TWA level Maintain material safety data sheet as per OSHA hazard communication standards Maintain employee medical record and EtO exposure record for 30 days Provide medical aid and doctor facility for emergency conditions Do not allow drink, smoke or feeding in EtO zone (Small business guide for Ethylene oxide, 2016). Personal protection equipments The personal protective equipments (PPE) as per OSHA standards for getting protection from EtO are described below: - For eye and face protection the use of safety spectacles, goggles, laser safety goggles and face shields while handling EtO exposures. For body protection from EtO, the clotting material made from rubber, neoprene, plastics and rubberized fabrics provides protection from ethylene oxide. For the protection of respiratory system, the use of positive-pressure supplied air OSHA recommends equipment for employees dealing with EtO exposure. The use of full-face respirator is highly recommended by OSHA Keep first aid for personal protection during long-term EtO exposure (OSHA factsheet, 2016) Sampling process as per OSHA standards The sampling process as per OSHA standards for collecting EtO involves the use of charcoal tubes and sampling pumps that are followed by gas chromatography analysis. The process starts by desorbing charcoal tubes in 1% CS(2) benzene. Further, the sample is derivatized with hydrogen bromide or carbon disulphide followed by sodium carbonate treatment. The below provided are specific requirements of the sampling process. Air volume- 1 litre Sampling rate 0.05Lpm Detection limit based on mentioned air volume 13.3 ppb Estimate of Standard error 6.59 % Reliable quantitation limit 52.2 ppb Special requirements The provided sample should be analysed within 15 days of sampling date. This sampling process is convenient, sensitive and reproducible to allow proper analysis of Ethylene oxide. The reanalysis of this sample is also recommended and possible as per OSHA standards. The longer GC retention time reduces interferences in this sampling process of Ethylene oxide (Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide (Non-mandatory) - 1910.1047 App D, 2016) Brief training program This training program for the employees will include a training session to demonstrate the process and techniques that employee need to follow regarding the handling of ethylene oxide machinery followed by a demonstration on OSHA standards and guidelines. After this employee will be provided with a training session regarding the management and protection techniques for using sterilisation machinery. The medical record of all the employees will be recorded for further processes after the training session. References Books Reichert, M., Young, J. H. (1997).Sterilization technology for the health care facility. Jones Bartlett Learning. Journals Ackert-Burr, C. (2010). Low-Temperature Sterilization: Are You In the Know?.Perioperative Nursing Clinics,5(3), 281-290. Arnold, E. V., Doletski, B. G., Dunn, T. M., Raulli, R. E., Mueller, E. P., Benedek, K. R., Murville, M. L. (2011).U.S. Patent No. 8,017,074. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lewis, M., Meek, M. E., Liteplo, R. G., World Health Organization. (2003). Ethylene oxide. OSHA factsheet. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ethylene-oxide-factsheet.pdf Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide (Non-mandatory) - 1910.1047 App D. (2016). Osha.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDSp_id=10074 Small business guide for Ethylene oxide. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/ethylene-oxide.pdf Toxicological profile for ethylene oxide. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/TOXPROFILES/TP137.PDF

The factors affecting tensile strength Essay Example

The factors affecting tensile strength Paper I am comparing four sets of data. My data will be categorical. There is a simple statistical test which looks at the difference between observed and expected values and relates them to a probability level, thus making it possible to identify how likely it is that the values are significantly different. This test is called the Chi squared test. Precautions to ensure reliability   We are assuming ethnic background does not affect our results. It will not cause a massive variation in our conclusion.   All hair samples must be taken from 16-18 year old females. 6 different samples must be taken for each colour of hair. Make sure all equipment is set up; ensuring the strand of hair is fastened to the shown equipment correctly. (Figure 5). * Each hair is tested five times, so I am repeating the experiment, to make my results reliable and more accurate. Results (My own (raw data) results will be highlighted in dark red on tables 2, 3, 4 5). (The letter B is used in my results to show where the hair broke). Investigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hair Analysing: (Skill C) Calculations Strength is determined by the amount of stress a hair can withstand without breaking. To work out the strength of each hair I calculated the stress applied to each when breaking. To do all the calculations I used the following formulas: 1  I calculated my values to do the statistical test. Discussion Melanin molecules are proteins, which are produced at the root of each hair. The more melanin in your hair, the darker it will get. An amino acid called tyrosine is converted into melanin so the hair will have colour. First, the bodys blood vessels carry tyrosine to the bottom of each hair follicle. Then, in this melanin factory tyrosine is used as the raw material for the production of the natural melanin that is the colour in hair. We will write a custom essay sample on The factors affecting tensile strength specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The factors affecting tensile strength specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The factors affecting tensile strength specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In short, natural hair colour depends upon the presence, amount and distribution of melanin, a natural pigment found in the cortex. All natural hair colours are created from two types of melanin. Eumelanin = black pigment Pheomelanin = red/yellow pigment Mixed melanins = when both eumelanin and pheomelanin mix together inside one melanin granule. The natural colour of the hair is decided by: a) What type of melanin is in the hair b) How much melanin is in the hair c) How closely packed or scattered the melanin is within the cortex. The type of melanin and the size of the granules determine whether hair will be brown, blonde, ginger or black. The amount of melanin and its distribution determine how dark or light the hair colour will be. Black hair is created from granules full of eumelanin densely packed in the hairs cortex. Brown hair, depending on its cool or warm tones and its darkness or lightness, is created either from granules filled with eumelanin and more sparsely distributed along the cortex than those of black hair, or granules filled with a blend of mixed melanins. The red/yellow pheomelanin is believed to cause the warm, golden, or auburn tones found in most brown hair. Blonde hair has a very low melanin content. And while scientists have not yet determined which is dominant, it is believed that eumelanin creates blonde hair. Melanin in blonde hair is so sparse that what we actually see is the colour of the hair fibre itself, keratin, which is a pale yellow, off-white shade. Granules filled with pheomelanin create Ginger hair. The pheomelanin in ginger hair is less densely packed in its granules. Its shape is somewhat more irregular than its black counterpart, eumelanin. It is slightly rounder and more spread out. From my results I found out that brown hair needed the greatest amount of force to break. Blonde hair needed the least amount of force to break. Black hair was second strongest and ginger hair was third strongest. The order of strength (from my results) of hair is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair stretched the most before breaking. Blonde hair stretched the least before breaking. Black hair stretched the second furthest and ginger hair stretched the third furthest. The order of length of hair stretched (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair experienced the highest strain before breaking and blonde hair experienced the lowest strain before breaking. The order of strain experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair experienced the highest tensile stress value before breaking and blonde experienced the lowest tensile stress value before breaking. The order of tensile stress experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Ginger, Black, and then Blonde. Graph 1 shows the average force required to break the four colours of hair. From this graph I can see that brown hair required the greatest force to break. Black hair also required a large amount of force to break and so did ginger hair. Black hair only required a small amount of more force to break then ginger hair. The breaking force required for brown, black and ginger hair was quite similar. Blonde hair required much less force to break compared to the other colours of hair. This proves that the disulphide bonds in the blonde hair are not a big advantage for strength of the hair. The darker the hair the stronger the force required for the bonds in the hair to break. The darker the hair the more resistant it is to breaking when forces are applied. The darker the hair the higher concentrations of melanin present along the hair cortex. The same sort of pattern is seen in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 show the extension of hair when masses are added. Blonde hair breaks the earliest and brown hair breaks the latest. Graph 2 shows brown hair. Brown hair requires about 120g to extend up to about 70mm before breaking. The graph follows a basic trend and there are no anomalous results. All results fit the line of best fit. Graph 3 shows blonde hair. Blonde hair requires about 80g to extend up to about 35mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend and most results fit the line of best fit. There is one anomaly, though. The extension should not increase and then decrease. It should keep on decreasing. There must have been an error in recording this result. The results in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all averages. To work out the blonde values in table 32, the results in tables 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were used. There was only one value for the extension at 80g, in table 15. This value was smaller than the average of all the extensions in all six tables. This sample of hair should have broken at 80g not 90g. This did not happen. This may have been an error in not measuring correctly. Graph 4 shows ginger hair. Ginger hair requires about 100g to extend up to about 60mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend until it gets to 55g point. From this point onwards the hair length increases and decreases dramatically. This should not happen. The reason why this happens is described above with the blonde hair. It is an error in measuring. Graph 5 shows black hair. Black hair requires about 140g to extend up to about 65mm before breaking. This graph is perfect. There are no anomalies. All points meet the line of best fit accurately. Graph 6 shows the average stresses and strains experienced by each hair colour. All four hair colours are plotted on the same graph so they can be easily compared against each other. Brown, blonde and ginger hairs do not follow the normal trend. The stresses and strains for these three should continue to increase. Tables 57, 58, 59 and 60 show where the stress and strain values came form. The results are like this because when the stress and strain values were calculated the average extensions were used, which had a few faults, as describe above. Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 show clearly what is happening to the stress-strain curves. Graph 7 shows one anomalous result. It has a high stress and strain value. Graph 8 also shows only one anomalous result. These two graphs show the basic trend. Graph 9 shows the normal trend until the stress value gets to 150Nm-2. Then it decreases and goes back on itself. This should not happen. The reason for this is explained above. There is an error in the extension averages. Graph 10 shows no anomalies. Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show modified values for stress and strain in all colours of hair. Graph 11 shows the modified stresses and strains for brown hair. This graph does not bend backwards and the stress and strain values do not decrease. Graph 12 shows the modified stresses and strains for blonde hair. This graph does not show values of stress and strain decreasing. Graph 13 shows the modified stresses and strains for ginger hair. This graph has changed a lot. It reads much clearer. Stress and strain increases throughout. This is exactly what the graph should look like. Graph 14 is the same as graph 10. It did not need any modifications. The toughness of a hair is measured of its resistance to break. A lot of energy is required to break a tough material. Finally, the strength of a material (or tensile strength) is the greatest tensile stress it can undergo before breaking. Hair is an elastic material; it can stretch to a certain maximum point (elastic point) before breaking. The largest tensile stress that can be applied to a material before it breaks is known as its ultimate tensile stress (UTS). This value is sometimes referred to as the materials breaking stress. Graph 7 shows the stress-strain points for brown hair. Graph 11 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for brown hair is 359. 03. Graph 8 shows stress-strain points for blonde hair. Graph 12 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for blonde hair is 125. 48. Graph 9 shows the stress-strain for ginger hair. Graph 13 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for ginger hair is 286. 58. Graph 10 shows the stress-strain points for black hair. Graph 14 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for black hair is 158. 31. Overall I can see that brown hair was the strongest. This was not expected. I expected black hair to have the highest tensile strength, as it had a higher density of melanin along the cortex. Blonde hair turned out to be the one with the lowest tensile stress. Ginger haired people have a high density of the pheomelanin pigments in their hair fibre. Those who produce virtually no eumelanin have a red to orange colour depending on the density of the pigment in the hair fibre. Red haired people who have a greater relative proportion of eumelanin production have a deeper red to red brown colour. Ginger hair also should have a high tensile strength. This is what I saw in my results. Black hair should also have a high tensile strength. My results showed black hair to have high tensile strength but not the highest. There are other ways in which hair tensile strength could have been measured. Hair products like shampoos have an effect on hair tensile strength. They are now designed to change hair strengths. Different makes of hair shampoos could be used. Strength could be measured in a similar way to how I measured it. A control will be also be needed, with hair with no products added. These modifications in Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show what the stress strain graphs should look like. In Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 the lines should not bend backwards. Statistical Test I will be using the (Chi squared test) X2. The formula for the Chi squared test is as follows: X2 = ? [(O E) 2 /E] O = Observed value E = Expected value The ((O E) 2) part of the formula considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either positive or negative. To avoid the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared. The (E) part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the magnitude of the numbers involved. The sigma (? ) sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values, but several (in this case four). By taking all the observed values of stress from tables 57, 58, 59 and 60, I can work out the expected value for each hair colour. I can then place these values in a table and work out the value for X2, using the chi squared formula. To calculate the degrees of freedom to be used can be found as follows: Number of categories minus 1. In this case: 4 1 = 3 The critical value (taken from critical values for the Chi squared test) at 3 degrees of freedom is 7. 81 (at the 5% level). The test statistic (X2 = 94. 235) is greater than the critical value(C. V = 7. 81, at the 5% significance level). We therefore can reject the null hypothesis and state there is a significant difference between the observed a Investigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hair Evaluating: (Skill D) Limitations The selotape holding hairs in the paperclip at the top and at the bottom could have interfered with the tertiary structure of the protein, keratin. This could have increased or decreased the bond attractions in the hair to cause the hair to have a high or low tensile stress. This would make my results unreliable. The hairs showing higher tensile stress may just be showing how sticky the selotape is and how strongly it is holding the hair structure together. This though, would affect all my results, as all hair samples had selotape on them to hold them together at the top and at the bottom. So, this limitation would affect all hairs making it a very weak limitation. My conclusion will not be affected as this limitation affects all hairs.   The time in between weights were added is another limitation. When each weight was added the hair stretched. But when there were a lot of weights on hair, the hair stretched quickly and then the length was measured. After I finished measuring the hair had slowly stretched a little bit more. So the measurement was wrong. When the next weight was added extra extension was added onto the new extension. My results were affected by this because some extensions were false making some data imprecise. Therefore, my conclusion will be invalid, because some hair samples could have broken at lower weights if I had waited for the hair to stretch, very slowly until it broke. There needed to be a time limit in which I had to record the extension of the hair, before adding the next weight to the hair. The eye piece graticule can be a limiting factor. Different people measured hair thickness and recorded it to what they felt the thickness ought to be according to the scale. It was not very clear to see how thick the hair was, as the hair was faded under the microscope at all magnifications and the outline was difficult to see. This could affect my results as the thickness of hairs was used to calculate the cross sectional area of the hairs, which was then used to calculate the tensile stress experienced by the hair. This could make my tensile stress values incorrect. My conclusion therefore could be affected; by making out that a certain coloured hair had a higher tensile stress than another coloured hair, when really it shouldnt have. This would make my conclusion unreliable.   There were different shades of hair colour, for example, there were light brown hair colours and dark brown hair colours. It was sometimes hard to distinguish between brown and blonde. This was the same for blonde hair. This would have an affect on the reliability and precision of my results making the accuracy of the strengths of different colours of colours of hair inaccurate. There should have been a certain shade of colour of hair (same amount of melanin in each brown hair) used for each colour sample. My conclusion will be imprecise because brown or blonde hair shades could cause incorrect results and make my conclusion incorrect.   The 10g mass is a limitation as the hair could break at lower masses than they actually did, for example a hair that broke at 50g could have broken at 41g, but I wouldnt know that as I only used 10g masses. So, I got false readings implying the hair is stronger than it actually is. If smaller masses were used my results would be much more accurate to make my conclusion reliable. This limitation could cause my conclusion to be invalid, causing the hairs strength and point on breaking higher or lower than it actually is. Conclusion After doing my statistical test I can reject my null hypothesis and accept my hypothesis and say that brown, blonde, ginger and black hairs differ in tensile strength. I have proved this difference in my calculations, mainly in graphs 1 and 6. From my results I can see that darker coloured has a higher tensile stress compared to lighter coloured hairs. In my hypothesis I said that lighter coloured hair would have a higher tensile strength than darker coloured hair, due to lighter coloured hair having sulphur-sulphide bonds, which are very strong. I have disproved this. Through testing all four colours of hair I can see that these strong sulphur bonds do not reflect any tensile strength qualities. Lighter coloured hair does not have an advantage over dark coloured hair when it comes to tensile strength. It mainly depends on the type of melanin the hair contains. The denser the melanin quantity is the stronger the hair.

Social Constructionism in Environmental Sociology Essays

Social Constructionism in Environmental Sociology Essays Social Constructionism in Environmental Sociology Paper Social Constructionism in Environmental Sociology Paper This construction of perceptions and meanings are what this essay is about. It is called social construction. The assay focuses more explicitly on the social construction Of environmental problems and issues. It does this by looking at examples of how and why certain societies can come to consider certain natural phenomena as environmental threats or issues, and asks the question of whether their perceptions are right or not. It focuses the concept of social constructionist and determines the relevance of it in environmental issues. It does this by looking at past findings of attempts at deconstructing the perceptions some societies have on their own identified environmental problems to be able to see if it helped with solutions to the problems. And lastly, it identifies criticism leveled against social constructionist in environmental sociology. All to support the following hypothesis: It is important to take the social construction aspect into consideration when looking at certain environmental problems to be able to identify hidden agendas when it comes to solving the perceived problems. But first, a brief definition of the social construction of environmental issues is necessary (As there are many- and some contradictory). It will serve as a foundation for building an understanding of what is going to be discussed. When something is socially constructed it then eggs the question of whether the threat or issue is in fact a real threat or issue because according to Hardballs and Holbrook a social construct is a product of social definitions, not natural, biological categories (2008: 752). Now according to Marsh, Keating, Punch and Harden (2009) the environment as a concept, is always contested and changing and he says that it means different things to different populations at different times. What the social construction of environmental issues and problems then means is that people in different populations perceive an issue on the environment differently from one another. An environmental issue for one society may not be one for another society. It is because they constructed their realities independent from each other. The independent development of perceptions allowed several dominant social constructs about the environment to emerge as separate independent realities. These realities were shaped and formed by power players in each society. The power players that shape a societys opinion in contemporary lifer and therefore its perspective on things are among others the media, activists, [and] scientists (Marsh et al, 2009). The following examples will illustrate how environmental issues may come to be instructed and considered important in one society, but not in another. When the media of a particular population informs its members about the poor condition of their local water, the water may have been of poor quality even before the media announced it, but since the announcement was made it has been added to the members environmental reality. In effect of the announcement the people may start buying bottled water, local government would start addressing the issue, they could create jobs to fight the issue, and certain entrepreneurs may see potential for business. All of which that loud not have happened if the media did not bring the knowledge of it into the societys reality. In another society, the media may be focusing on how behind they are economically rather than writing about water quality. Even though it has a quality similar to the other society, people does not worry about it because people arent aware of it. In both societies people dont get sick when drinking the Water, but the one society gave it an environmental issue label because of the media coverage it got. Another example is where scientists does research on something that is not considered dangerous to he environment, but after which it becomes an issue. It happens because scientists usually have an elite status. They are considered experts in their fields, and most people do not have the knowledge or qualified degree to grant them alternative knowledge which would enable them to disregard scientists opinions and findings. So when a scientist, based on his own interpretations and gained knowledge, in one society declare something as an environmental issue, the people generally respond with acceptance. Another example of a construct of an environmental issue is one from an article based n dingo management on an Australian island (Heathen, K. Burns G, 2007). They look at the Fraser Island Dingo Management Strategy (FIDS) to deconstruct key assumptions about management of dingoes on Fraser Island. What they found was that the FIDS were trying to prevent dingo aggression towards humans, and that the FIDS constructed the issue of the aggression as deriving from human-dingo interactions via feeding. The prevention techniques were composed of many ways to prevent that type of interaction. Despite that, the dingoes remained as they were, still hurting people. Heathen ND Burns concluded that the management should take to account a wider range of interpretations of human-dingo interactions (2007: 55). One can see the importance the social construction aspect has in shaping priorities of societies when looking at the above examples. It is clear that when a society does not have knowledge on a subject, it is as if it does not exist. And when making the knowledge freely available as the only relevant knowledge, the society can do no different than to accept what they are being told by power players. The construction can be deliberately created by power players in society. The government or managing scientists in a particular field can use their power to change perceptions of the society by publishing rational substantiations for their claims on a matter so that they can employ a policy or action that will benefit themselves or one that will contribute to solving a related problem of the matter without the society complaining about why they do it. It is clear from these examples that some constructed environmental issues are not real in terms true intentions as there are additional economic or monetary goals often hidden it the actions to solve he environmental problems identified by power players. This is where social constructionist in environmental sociology comes in. When social environmentalists look at an environmental issue they try to consider the social construction aspect in the origin of the issue. By doing this they are able to deconstruct what has led to the construction of the problem, and thus identify the hidden agendas associated with policies claimed to solve the problem. They can then ask the question: is it really an environmental problem if the social, cultural and economic spheres of human life are not actively affected by it? The question may leave policy makers with a conscious thought about their true agendas, and enables them to determine for themselves whether or not they will be addressing a true environmental issue or not. The study on Dingo management shows how social constructionist has deconstructed a social construction of an environmental issue to bring hidden agendas to the surface. The notion that nature should be managed by humans has led to the notion that humans are in charge of it. Humans feel that they can use and manipulate nature to generate income (like tourism to wildlife parks etc. , and that is where the problem in management comes in. The wellbeing of the nature and the economic capital it may generate produce a mixture of interests. One that wants to be green and one that wants to gain monetary profits. These two interests are contradictory because a monetary gain is sometimes gained at the expense of a green environmental gain. Now at the dingo management park, social constructionist showed why dingoes may be aggressive against humans. It showed that humans may not even belong there, or try to manage the dingoes because the fact is that dingoes are just a wild animal that react on instinct, and humans trying to control them could be causing the aggressive incidents. It showed that the management is actually catering for the safety of the humans at the expense of the dingoes (they kill dingoes deliberately to reduce their population). They cater for their safety because they bring in money, and the more safe they can make it for them, the more money they may receive. The hidden agendas (to generate monetary wealth) in the management and conservation of dingoes are actually letting dingoes getting killed instead Of getting conserved (Heathen, K. Cooper, G, 2007:48-55). Even Hough social constructionist in environmental sociology may bring the question of whether an issue is real or not under discussion when policies need to be made, it still remains just that -a question. It does not provide an answer. It is not possible to give an answer because by stating that an environmental issue is not this, but it is that, would be contradictory to what social construction stands for. That is, that people construct definitions on matter by the available knowledge they have. But knowledge is limited by a persons senses.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes All living things need a continuous supply of energy to keep their cells functioning normally and to stay healthy. Some organisms, called autotrophs, can produce their own energy using sunlight or other energy sources through processes such as ​photosynthesis. Others, like humans, need to eat food in order to produce energy. However, that is not the type of energy cells use to function. Instead, they use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to keep themselves going. The cells, therefore, must have a way to take the chemical energy stored in food and transform it into the ATP they need to function. The process cells undergo to make this change is called cellular respiration. Two Types of Cellular Processes Cellular respiration can be aerobic (meaning with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). Which route the cells take to create the ATP depends solely on whether or not there is enough oxygen present to undergo aerobic respiration. If there is not enough oxygen present for aerobic respiration, then some organisms will resort to using anaerobic respiration or other anaerobic processes such as fermentation. Aerobic Respiration In order to maximize the amount of ATP made in the process of cellular respiration, oxygen must be present. As eukaryotic species evolved over time, they became more complex with more organs and body parts. It became necessary for cells to be able to create as much ATP as possible to keep these new adaptations running properly. Early Earths atmosphere had very little oxygen. It wasnt until after autotrophs became abundant and released large amounts of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that aerobic respiration could evolve. The oxygen allowed each cell to produce many times more ATP than their ancient ancestors that relied on anaerobic respiration. This process happens in the cell organelle called the mitochondria. Anaerobic Processes More primitive are  the processes that many organisms undergo when not enough oxygen is present. The most commonly known anaerobic processes are known as fermentation.  Most anaerobic processes start  out the same way as aerobic respiration, but they stop  partway through the pathway because the oxygen is not available for it to finish the aerobic respiration process, or they join with another molecule that is not oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation makes many fewer ATP and also releases byproducts of either lactic acid or alcohol, in most cases. Anaerobic processes can happen in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic process humans undergo if there is a shortage of oxygen. For example, long distance runners experience a buildup of lactic acid in their muscles because they are not taking in enough oxygen to keep up with the demand of energy needed for the exercise. The lactic acid can even cause cramping and soreness in the muscles as time goes on. Alcoholic fermentation does not happen in humans. Yeast is a good example of an organism that undergoes alcoholic fermentation. The same process that goes on in the mitochondria during lactic acid fermentation also happens in alcoholic fermentation. The only difference is that the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important for the beer industry. Beer makers add yeast which will undergo alcoholic fermentation to add alcohol to the brew. Wine fermentation is also similar and provides the alcohol for the wine. Which is Better? Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at making ATP than anaerobic processes like fermentation. Without oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration get backed up and will not work any longer. This forces the cell to undergo the much less efficient fermentation. While aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP, the different types of fermentation  can only have a net gain of 2 ATP. Evolution and Respiration It is thought that the most ancient type of respiration is anaerobic. Since there was little to no oxygen present when the first eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis, they could only undergo anaerobic respiration or something similar to fermentation. This was not a problem, however, since those first cells were unicellular. Producing only 2 ATP at a time was enough to keep the single cell running. As multicellular eukaryotic organisms began to appear on Earth, the larger and more complex organisms needed to produce more energy. Through natural selection, organisms with more mitochondria that could undergo aerobic respiration survived and reproduced, passing on these favorable adaptations to their offspring. The more ancient versions could no longer keep up with the demand for ATP in the more complex organism and went extinct.

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgeting - Essay Example The intention of this study is a budget as a financial plan expressed in terms of money that helps budget holders achieve organizational goals and objectives in an appropriate manner. In construction industry, budget helps companies in the process of financial analysis. Through budgeting, management of the organizations can know the financial position of the organization. They can know what is actually going on in terms of capital use for business activities. Budgeting helps in providing the management with the information regarding available capital, current financial position, and future expenditures of the ongoing business activities. Through efficient budgeting, the organizations can save money and related expenditures regarding various business activities. Budgets help in cutting off the extra costs and make money available for use in other financial activities.Proper planning plays an important role in the success of a construction company. Budgeting plays a very important role in this regard. Planning is the second function of budgeting. After forecasting the financial position, a company decides its future activities, such as, investment decisions, loan decisions, and buying or selling decisions. Communication is another major function of budgeting. If an organization makes some sort of financial deal with another organization, budgeting is that technique which can resolve the issue related to use of capital between the two parties. Priorities can be set between the two organizations regarding the financial issues. An effective budget would help the organizations in communicating with each other for the purpose of discussing where the money should be spent and how much money should be spent. 2.4 Motivation Budgeting plays an important role in motivating staff of the company. After analyzing the financial position of the company, managers can develop such plans for the employees that are able to improve their efficiency and motivation. For example, if a company develops effective compensation plans, it can result in favor of the company because employees like to work for a company which values their performances and provides them with the compensation and rewards that they deserve. However, development of compensation plans is directly related on the available budget of a company. If a company will have enough budgets for developing and implementing such plans, only then compensation plans can be developed which will ultimately result in motivating employees and improving their individual and group performances. 2.5 Evaluation In construction industry, evaluation of financial and other business processes plays a very important role. Budget represents the target performance which managers measure with the actual

Critcally examine the success of operation management theories ,tools Essay

Critcally examine the success of operation management theories ,tools and techniques in the uk supermarket sector - Essay Example Operations management is a science that deals with coordination of all functions of an organization. The major departments within an organization include; accounting, marketing, human resources, information technology departments and purchasing have to be well controlled. The key factors that have led to the development of operations management include; globalization, total quality management, empowerment and techonology.With the world becoming a global village, supermarkets are striving to provide services more efficiently and effectively so as to stay at the top of competition by quickly delivering their services. Operations management is a transformation process that interacts with various departments in an organization. According to Slack â€Å"Operations management helps in developing and managing the value chain process and also in supporting it through using different tools, techniques and methods in order for an organization to be in a position to achieve its goals and objectives within a specified period of time. The Total Quality Management is a holistic approach that requires that all the managers and personnel working for supermarkets to be able to handle customers in an appropriate way. The major supermarkets in the United Kingdom also have got a major challenge in ensuring that they empower all their members of staff regardless of their hierarchy in the organization so that they can take part in achieving the company’s goals and objectives. It refers to the process of organizing and controlling the activities of a business so as provide goods and services to the customers at the appropriate time and place. The major functions of any business involve finance, marketing and operations management. Some of the processes involved in the process management theory include forecasting, capacity planning, and management of inventory, quality assurance, motivation and training of the employees. The traditional objective of

Road Design Essay Example for Free

Road Design Essay Due to the fast development of many countries like Japan, there is a significant increase in number of manufactured vehicles and these vehicles may come from different prices that can be purchased by any people. But this increase had been responsible on the formation of the word traffic which means congested vehicles in the road. Traffic is the term used by many of us when experiencing jam packed vehicles where there is no or little movement of this mobile medium. Traffic happens in every street in the world even those industrialized countries. It is often observed on crunch time like seven o’clock in the mourning or five in the afternoon because these are the time of the day when people are mostly in the street to go to office, school or go to their houses (Ewing, 2001). It is not only the motorists sector that can be blame because of traffic jam because there are many factors to be considered why traffic jam occurs in the road. One factor to be tae into consideration is the road. It is self explanatory because this is where vehicles go by. For this paper, we will try to look on the road factor that can be a solution on traffic jam. Moreover, the design of road will be taken into consideration which has the main objective of lessening traffic situations. METHODOLOGY Road design will cover all the necessary procedures that will lead not only to comfortable and safe driving but also giving a solution on traffic calming (Ewing, 2001). First to tackle in this paper is the engineering factor. To construct a road, the foundation or soil must be firm enough to stand the compression stress brought by the weight of vehicles. Survey must be conducted first prior to the construction of the road to ensure strength of the foundation. If the ground is not stiff enough to stand the compact force, the road maybe damaged compromising the quality of the constructed road. If this happens, then traffic may arise because vehicles may not pass the road in a better and nicer route (TAC, 1999). The next factor that is part of the design is the materials to be used in the construction. It is very important to consider that the materials must comply with the national standards. This is to ensure the quality and safety factor of the newly constructed road. The road must be wide enough to facilitate the volume of vehicles passing a particular road. After the road has been constructed, the next part to be discussed is the road signals. These signs ease the flow of traffic because these are steps to follow for a harmonious flow of vehicles in the road. It is very important to remind the motorists that these road signs are not useful if motorist will not obey these road signs (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Put a board sign that specify the name of the roads and streets so that drivers can follow the directions thus minimizing confusion among the drivers. The information that are very important in a sign boards are, the name of the street, the distance from a place to another place, directions of intersections and other sign like no parking, no jaywalking and many others. The sign board are located in such a way that every driver whether the driver has big or small vehicles, see to it that it can be seen by the driver’s naked eye. It can be situated on top of a post and being hanged. Signs are also present in the road itself. These sign, that are mostly painted, guides the motorists or in somehow communicate to have a fast flow of traffic and improving the safety factor. These pavement markings must comply with the set of standards to minimize confusion on drivers (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Stoplights must be present in any road especially on intersections. This is to signal the vehicles from a given route to stop, go or get ready. But most traffic incidences can be observed on intersections because there are four opposing routes that goes in just one passage. One solution for this problem is the construction of a flyover that will facilitate a one pair of route. We know that there are four routes that want to pass an intersection, but in flyover, the four will be grouped into two making the four groups into two only. In this way, traffic will be minimized. And the last factor is the design of allocating different kinds of vehicles to behave in the street. There are public utility vehicle that transport public people from place to place. When loading or unloading their passengers, there must be a specific place where the driver can do these and not anywhere in the road (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). The design of road just not only covers the physical or engineering aspect but more importantly are the laws that will favor the good flow of traffic and safety. These laws include, not allowing motorists to park their vehicles in the street. This will create a narrow road for the passage of other vehicles. There must be a strict enforcement so that motorists will obey traffic rules (TAC, 1999). ANALYSIS OF DATA After constructing the road and has the characteristics presented from the previous paragraphs, the next thing to do is to analyze the traffic condition. This is to determine whether the road achieved the main objective of this study which is to lessen traffic. For the data gathering, one must observed the road in terms of number of vehicles that was able to pass by on the road. The time of observation must include crunch time which is seven in the morning and five in the afternoon. The observation must be done everyday for one month. The data gathered must be compared to standard which determine whether traffic occur. FORMAT For the format of the result and discussion, the raw data must be presented first. In this part, some statistical analysis may be included to increase the reliability of the result of the study. The result and discussion part will include the data from the start of the study until the last day. There must be also a comparison between a road that was not constructed in accordance to the characteristics above and a road the followed all the factors above.

Danielle Steels The Ring - A Thin Line Between Fiction and Reality :: Danielle Steel Ring Essays

Danielle Steel's The Ring - A Thin Line Between Fiction and Reality Fiction can be considered something invented by the imagination. Although many people might feel that fiction is totally exclusive of reality, I believe that there is a very thin line between fiction and reality. This is proved in Danielle Steel's The Ring, where she has used common characters and placed them in realistic situations, facing everyday realistic issues. The Ring gives the reader a sense of realism in a fictitious novel. In fact, Danielle Steel does a really good job, portraying the characters in realistic situations such as Kassandra dealing with her affair, Walmar acting as an overprotective father to Ariana and Gerhard, and Ariana struggling to find her family. All these characters have been intertwined in a real historical setting that has, to some extent, led to their dilemmas. Kassandra's affair with Dolff is a result of being married to an elderly man, Walmar, in an arranged marriage. While Kassandra's affair cannot be justified, it is dealt with realistically as many women might engage in a similar activity under the given circumstances. These circumstances are best described by Danielle Steel, as follows, "Her assistance wasn't needed, her help, or her love, or her time" (20). There is no doubt that some women in her place would have an affair to feel special, important, and needed. And that is exactly how Dolff has made her feel. Danielle Steel confirms, "And with Dolff, Kassandra had found what she had always so desperately needed, someone who understood the odd meanderings of her soul, the longings, the fragmented pieces, the rebelliousness against the lonely restrictions of her world" (12). While this affair may seem immoral and wrong, it presents a realistic state that many people, both men and women can relate to, as seen in the movie version. Even the brutal murder of Dolff by the Nazis and Kassandra’s suicide are realistic consequences foreshadowed in Walmar’s earlier warning to Kassandra to stop the affair. Walmar also plays a pivotal part in The Ring, and just like Kassandra, he has been placed in some harsh and realistic circumstances as an overprotective father. Walmar has grown more attached to his children, Ariana and Gerhard, after his wife’s suicide. Just like any father, Walmar wants to protect his children from anything and everything, after losing their mother.

The student body of your University

I would be grateful if offered the opportunity to be a member of the student body of your University. I am currently undertaking my studies at Grossmont College and I would wish to transfer to your University in order to study Business Administration.Grossmont College does not offer undergraduate programs and I wish to further my studies to the highest level I can achieve in an institution which encourages both personal and collective academic advancement. I am specifically enthusiastic about your University due to the high levels of integrity and quality education being offered besides providing for students a good environment for studies.The visions and goals of your University as an academic institution are in line with my personal goals for I desire to positively change the human society through knowledge that I wish to gain from your institution when given the chance.I believe that University of San Diego is the place where the foundation of my career stand to be shaped as its v alues has the capacity to further build my worth as a moral and intellectual being. My objectives are to work in the business world as a manager and I believe my studies at your esteemed institution will adequately equip me for such an eventuality.I completely understand my responsibility as a student and I am only requesting for the opportunity to join your student body and the entire community of University of San Diego. I will abide by all the rules and focus on achieving my academic and intellectual goals while at the same time making positive contribution towards my fellow students and the entire community of the University of San Diego.I am looking forward to a positive response and an opportunity to join your academic institution. Thank you in advance.

The Heckscher-Ohlin Model

1. The Heckscher-Ohlin model The Heckscher-Ohlin model is a mathematical model of the international trade and its balance. It is established upon the theory of David Ricardo for the competitive advantage and it strives to predict the arrangements of the international trade and production, which are based on the capacity of a given country to trade. Its essence consist in the statement that the countries that produce, will be exporting the goods, which manufacturing use their plentful and cost-competitive factors and will import goods that use the scarce factors of the country. Here we are talking about the factors of production, which are the land, labour and capital. Their abundance or their lack defines in which products the country has a competitive advantage. Meaning that they have advantage for producing those goods, for which the necessary factors and inputs are abundant in the country, therefore it is cheaper to produce them locally and export them instead of importing them. We can give the example of country like Belgium – here the labor and the land factors are not abundant, therefore the goods that require for the production those factors will be imported, because then it will be more cost effective. And vice-versa, because in Belgium there are a lot of engineers, technicians and it is rather well technologically developed country, it will be more advantageous to export goods, which require for their production those abundant factors – for ex. computers, IT etc. 2. Criticism on the H-O model & Leontief Paradox There is much criticism upon that model; therefore I’m going to state the most important of it here: * The little predictive power of that model, which was a critic by Bernstein and Weinstein, who claimed that the H-O model and its factor endowments of each country are not a reliable forecast. * The identical production function – the H-O model postulate that the production functions are corresponding for all the countries that are involved in the international trade. But it’s an unrealistic statement, because even between the most developed countries the competition is determined from various factors like technology etc. * In the H-O model, the capital is by definition assumed as consistent, identical and transferable to any form, since the capital goods may have many forms. There is no explanation how the capital is measured. So all this leads to a controversy around the concept of homogenous capital. * The unemployment factor is excluded from the model, which makes it really unrealistic. * The assumption that all firms are identical, because all the countries have the same production function is another weak point of the model. * The H-O model was supported by politicians, because it gave them an excuse for restriction upon the immigration lows at that time. * Probably the most significant criticism is called the Leontief Paradox. Mr. Wassily Leontief conducted an econometric test in 1954 of the implication of the H-O model in the US. And he found out that nevertheless the US was a country rich on capital it still was exporting mostly goods for the production of which the labor factor was decisive or ‘labor intensive goods’. And they were importing products, produced in countries with abundant capital as well or ‘capital intensive goods’. This paradox proves that the H-O model is not taking into account all of the necessary factors in order to be more accurate and applicable to any given country. 3. Response by H-O The main response was that the model has been further developed and extended in order for it to be more realistic. Thus by taking into consideration new features, factors and variables in the international trade (like tariffs for ex.) the predictive power of the model has been increased. The three scientists that contributed the most for those ameliorations are Paul Samuelson, Ronald Jones, and Jaroslav Vanek.

A qu familiares puede pedir un residente permanente

A qu familiares puede pedir un residente permanente Los residentes permanentes legales, es decir, aquellas personas que tienen a su nombre una tarjeta de residencia (green card) pueden pedir a dos tipos de familiares: esposos e hijos solteros. Es decir, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los ciudadanos americanos, los residentes permanentes no pueden pedir los papeles para sus hijos casados ni tampoco para sus padres o madres ni para sus hermanos. Ni tampoco a sus prometidos. Si tienen al novio/a en otro paà ­s y à ©ste desea visitar, hay que conocer las reglas. Desde el punto de vista de las leyes de inmigracià ³n, los familiares a los que puede pedir un residente permanente estn clasificados en dos categorà ­as, que es importante recordar, porque los tiempos de espera estn determinados por ellas: F2A: esposos y esposas de residentes e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de edad.F2B: hijos de residentes permanentes que estn solteros y tienen 21 aà ±os o ms. A tener en cuenta en los trmites para solicitar la green card para estos familiares Tiempos de espera Cada mes el Departamento de Estado publica un nuevo Boletà ­n de Visas. Comprobar en las categorà ­as F2A y F2B quà © fecha de corte se publica. Eso quiere decir que todas las peticiones con una fecha de prioridad anterior a ese dà ­a publicado en el boletà ­n de visas comienzan a tramitarse por el Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Se inicia la fase final del proceso y en unos meses habr llegado a su fin. Quà © pasa si la persona est ya en Estados Unidos Si est ilegalmente no puede ajustar su estatus en ningà ºn caso. Por lo tanto asesorarse con un abogado de inmigracià ³n antes de enviar los papeles al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Ya que si se envà ­an lo à ºnico que se hace es pagar por nada. Si est legalmente en Estados Unidos hay dos posibilidades: si puede mantener su estatus legal durante todo el tiempo que dure la tramitacià ³n, por ejemplo, si tiene una visa de trabajo, entonces puede optar a un ajuste de estatus. Si se hace asà ­ asegurarse de presentar bien los papeles y la persona pedida deberà ­a asesorarse legalmente antes de salir del paà ­s hasta acabar toda la tramitacià ³n.si est legalmente pero no puede mantener ese estatus durante toda la tramitacià ³n entonces debe salir de los Estados Unidos dentro del plazo que tiene para abandonar el paà ­s legalmente. Por ejemplo, si un extranjero entra como turista y se casa con residente permanente no puede esperar dentro de Estados Unidos. Debe salirse y si no lo hace pueden aparecer toda clase de problemas, como que se le aplique el castigo de los tres y diez aà ±os. La consecuencia es que por no querer esperar fuera del paà ­s unos meses va a tener que esperar varios aà ±os. Si se est fuera de Estados Unidos hay que esperar allà ­ hasta pasar una entrevista en la Embajada o consulado y recibir una visa de inmigrante. Estas son las posibilidades  de recibir una visa de turista mientras se espera por los papeles para emigrar. Quà © sucede si residente pide a hijo soltero y durante la tramitacià ³n à ©ste se casa La peticià ³n deja de tener efecto. Ya que no se puede conceder una visa de inmigrante a un hijo casado de un residente permanente. Si no se avisa lo que va a pasar es que al llegar la entrevista se va a denegar la visa. Jams mentir a Inmigracià ³n o a un consulado sobre una cosa tan importante como es el estado civil. En estos casos, todas las cuotas pagadas a Inmigracià ³n se pierden ya que no se reintegra el dinero. Quà © pasa si un residente permanente pide a un familiar y durante la tramitacià ³n se naturaliza y se convierte en ciudadano Puede notificarlo ya que los esposos e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadano no tienen que esperar a que haya visa de inmgrante disponible para ellos. Esto quiere decir que probablemente el proceso se haga ms rpido. Quà © pasa si residente permanente pide a cà ³nyuge y à ©ste tiene hijos Los hijos del cà ³nyuge pueden tambià ©n ser pedidos incluyà ©ndolos en la misma peticià ³n si son menores de 21 aà ±os y estn solteros. Si durante el tiempo de espera de la tramitacià ³n alguno de ellos cumple los 21 se tendr que hacer una peticià ³n nueva para esa persona, incluyendo una copia de la peticià ³n original. Matrimonio, su validez y derechos migratorios de gays y lesbianas Para que un matrimonio produzca efectos migratorios tiene que tener validez. Adems, desde junio de 2014 desde el punto de vista migratorio no hay diferencias en cuanto a los beneficios entre el matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer que el de entre gays o lesbianas. Consejo a tener en cuenta Las personas que desean emigrar a los Estados Unidos deben tener en cuenta un hecho irrefutable: es un paà ­s distinto. Por lo tanto, lo mejor para evitar problemas por un lado y para conocer los derechos por otro, lo aconsejable es familiarizarse cuanto antes con 10 aspectos bsicos de la vida en el paà ­s.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

A Peek at the Physics Behind Multiple Universes

A Peek at the Physics Behind Multiple Universes The sciences of physics and astrophysics explore a great many interesting ideas about the universe. One of the most intriguing is the concept of multiple universes. Its also referred to as parallel universe theory. This is the idea that our universe is not the only one in existence. Most people have heard of the possibility of more than one universe from science fiction stories and movies. Far from being an imaginary idea, multiple universes can exist, according to modern physics. However, its one thing to devise a theory about their existence, but quite another to actually detect them. This is something that modern physics is wrestling with, using observations of distant light signals from the Big Bang as data.   What Are Multiple Universes? Just as our universe, with all its stars, galaxies, planets, and other structures exists and can be studied, physicists suspect that other universes filled with matter and space exist in parallel with ours. They may or may not be exactly like ours. Chances are that theyre not. They might have different laws of physics than we do, for example. They dont necessarily intersect with ours, but they may collide with it. Some theorists go so far as to explain that each person has a twin or mirror in the other universes. This is one interpretation of the multiple-universe theory called the many-worlds approach. It says that there are many universes out there. Star Trek fans, for example, will recognize this from such episodes as Mirror Mirror in the original series, Parallels in Next Generation, and others. Theres another interpretation of multiple universes that gets quite complex and is an outgrowth of quantum physics, which is the physics of the very small. It deals with interactions at the level of atoms and subatomic particles (which make up atoms). Basically, quantum physics says that small interactions - called quantum interactions - happen. When they do, they have far-reaching consequences and set up endless possibilities with endless outcomings from those interactions. As an example, imagine that in our universe a person takes a wrong turn on the way to a meeting. They miss the meeting and lose a chance to work on a new project. If they hadnt missed the turn, they would have gone to the meeting and gotten the project. Or, they missed the turn, and the meeting, but met someone else who offered them a better project. there are endless possibilities, and each one (if it happens) spurs endless consequences. In parallel universes, ALL of those actions and reactions and consequences take place, one to each universe.   This implies that there are parallel universes where all possible outcomes are happening simultaneously. Yet, we only observe the action in our own universe. All the other actions, we dont observe, but they are happening in parallel, elsewhere. We dont observe them, but they happen, at least theoretically. Can Multiple Universes Exist? The argument in favor of multiple universes involves many interesting thought experiments. One delves into cosmology (which is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe) and something called the fine-tuning problem.  This says that as we grow to understand the way our universe is constructed, our existence in it grows more precarious. As physicists have examined the way the universe has changed over time since the Big  Bang, they suspect that had the early conditions of the universe been just a bit different, our universe could have evolved to be inhospitable to life. In fact, if a universe spontaneously came into existence, physicists would expect it to spontaneously collapse or possibly to expand so rapidly that particles never really interact with each other. British physicist, Sir Martin Reese wrote extensively about this idea in his classic book Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe. Multiple Universes and a Creator Using this idea of finely-tuned properties in the universe, some argue for the need of a creator. Tgbe existence of such a being (for which there is no proof), doesnt explain properties of the universe. Physicists would like to understand those properties without invoking a deity of any kind. The easiest solution would just be to say, Well, thats how it is. However, thats not really an explanation. It just represents a remarkable lucky break that a single universe would come into being and that universe would just happen to have the very precise properties needed to develop life. Most physical properties would result in a universe that collapses into nothingness instantly. Or, it continues to exist and expands into a vast sea of nothingness. It isnt just a matter of trying to explain human beings as we happen to exist, but of explaining the very existence of any sort of universe. Another idea, which fits well with quantum physics, says that there is, indeed, a vast number of universes, which with different properties. Within that  multiverse of universes, some subset of them (including our own) would contain properties that allow them to exist for relatively long periods of time. That means a subset (including our own universe) would have the properties that allow them to form complex chemicals and, ultimately, life. Others would not. And, that would be okay, since quantum physics tells us that all possibilities can exist.   String Theory and Multiple Universes String theory  (which states that all the different fundamental particles of matter are manifestations of a basic object called a string) has recently begun to support this idea. This is because there is a vast number of possible solutions to string theory. In other words, if string theory is correct then there are still many different ways to construct the universe. String theory presents the idea of extra dimensions at the same that it includes a structure to think about where these other universes could be located. Our universe, which includes four dimensions of spacetime, seems to exist in a universe that may contain as many as 11 total dimensions. That multi-dimensional region is often called the bulk by string theorists. Theres no reason to think that the bulk couldnt contain other universes in addition to our own. So, it is sort of a universe of universes.    Detection is a Problem The question of a multiverses existence is secondary to being able to detect other universes. So far no one has found solid evidence for another universe. That doesnt mean they arent out there. The evidence may be something we havent yet recognized. Or our detectors arent sensitive enough. Eventually, physicists will find a way using solid data to find parallel universes and measure at least some of their properties. That could be a long way away, however.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Business study report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business study report - Assignment Example A company frames its positioning, branding and segmenting strategies, after considering the business strategies introduced by its primary competitors (Yabushita & Suehiro, 2014). However the report will show that the aggregate profitability, cost and revenue experienced by a company are significantly dependent on the nature and efficiency of its factors of production. The scale and scope of commercialization practiced by a company depends on these factors (Colquitt, et al., 2013). Along with internal business aspects, commercial prosperity of a company depends on the external political and economic conditions. The report will show that political and economic outcomes of Thailand will create significant impact on the business of Charoen Pokphand Group. Finally the researcher will provide a brief focus on the role of sustainability in the modern business world. Thus long run success of a company depends on a series of macroeconomic and internal business interaction. Charoen Pokphand Group (CP) known as one of the biggest conglomerate of Asia. The company was founded in 1921 and its headquarters are located in Bangkok, Thailand (Yabushita & Suehiro, 2014). After its inception, the company has considerably expanded the scale and scope of business internationalization. At present, CP provides its services and products in more than 20 countries of the world. The business of CP is segmented in three major industries, namely telecommunications, retailing and food and agro-industry. The company has its own restaurants, telephone companies, hypermarkets, convenience stores (Yabushita & Suehiro, 2014). It also provides internet services to its customers and sells certain edible items such as meat and frozen food. Charoen Pokphand Group is a giant multinational company of Thailand and it trades its products and services to government, corporate companies and also common household customers in the market. CP

Fear and fate in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fear and fate in america - Essay Example A week after the attack, one is free to taste the bile of its atrocious ingenuity. It is already trite - but stringently necessary - the writer to emphasise that such a mise en scne would have embarrassed a studio executive's storyboard or a thriller-writer's notebook And yet in broad daylight and full consciousness that outline became established reality: a score or so of Stanley knives produced two million tons of rubble. Several lines of US policy were bankrupted by the events of last Tuesday, among them national missile defence. Someone realised that the skies of America were already teeming with missiles, each of them primed and cocked. The plan was to capture four airliners - in the space of half an hour. All four would be bound for the west coast, to ensure maximum fuel- load. The first would crash into the north tower just as the working day hit full stride. Then a pause of 15 minutes, to give the world time to gather round its TV sets. With that attention secured, the second plane would crash into the south tower, and in that instant America's youth would turn into age. If the architect of this destruction was Osama bin Laden, who is a qualified engineer, then he would certainly know something about the stress equations of the World Trade Centre.

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Love - Essay Example ‘It was our old times when true love was found on this plant, the current generation has no idea of what true love is’ my grandfather used to say that. But love actually is the greatest of all powers on this plant and with the ability to identify and care, one can find love anywhere on this planet in form of love form family, love for their own selves and love for a woman. Love for family is usually the most commonly found kind of love. It is the love that exists between the members of a family. This kind of love is identified when the members of a family tend to take care of each other, make sacrifices and provide with basic necessities of life to each other. Love for family keeps the family together and can be regarded as the main pillar of our social life. It is also the love for one’s family that makes one of the founding stones of a community since families are what make communities survive. Love for one’s self is the second kind of love that exists in this world. People who usually express this kind of love are labeled selfish in today’s world but actually it is this love that helps them survive and progress. Love for one’s self does not mean being selfish and not taking care of others at all but, it means giving enough time to one’s self, to take care of one’s self, maintaining hygiene, eating healthy food and spending money to look good. Staying happy is an important way to express love for one’s self. Love for a woman, often misunderstood as the only kind of love in this world is actually a kind of love. It Is an important component of a person’s married life and a necessity for marriage to continue. If there is no love for the woman there would be no marriage. It is the most complicated kind of love and usually the most difficult to live up to. In a nutshell, love for a woman is not the only kind of love that exists in the world. Love can exist in any shape such as love for God,

Murals Wall Paintings And Frescoes Cultural Studies Essay

Murals Wall Paintings And Frescoes Cultural Studies Essay It is interesting to note that people who are not inclined with a reverent passion for the arts would only think of it in superficial terms (Goodyear, 1897). They only consider arts as something lavish, interesting, and pleasing to the eye. They believe that art pieces (such as paintings, murals, mosaics, sculptures, and others) are something to be displayed on a prominent area, depending on its creator. The trend for these art pieces would be the more well-known the creator is, the better the location of the masterpiece would be. For instance, if the artist would be someone really renowned as Leonardo da Vinci, then the painting would be placed on the front room of a house. Van Draanen Parsons mentions that people want to display old books because they believe that it gives them an aura of intelligence (1998, p. 52). It doesnt matter what the books were about, interior designers and rich people would buy them by the bulk and display them on expensive bookshelves. These books would have a worn-out, dusty feel which will make mask the owners ignorance and play in their favor when guests come a calling. The books will be displayed without being read or understood: they would just be placed in bookshelves, looking dusty and old, being utterly ignored. The same goes for paintings and other works of art. People will buy expensive and impressive pieces with the purpose of not hailing the artist, but for boasting that they are cultured, without really understanding what the artwork is trying to say. Behind the smooth surface of sculptures, the notable curves and lines of paintings, and the alluring colors of art pieces would be a story that is crying to be told. There is a rich history behind art, such a fine discipline, such as the struggles of ancient artists as they tried their best to create a world that would be beautiful and appealing. Such an example of art that conveys such deep meanings would be the act of wall painting. Wall painting has been around for centuries, and were utilized before for different purposes as what they are being used for now. They were noted as pieces wherein artists could express themselves, and shout out to the world the current triumphs, fears, and dreams of a society. Indeed, there is more to wall painting than what meets the eye. As technology develops, these stories are coming out to the light. Art: a definition Art exists everywhere. In reality, all people have creative tendencies, though only a handful would react to this possibility. As Baldwin and Roskill (1997, p. 188) wrote, the impulse to create art is to realize form and order out of mere matter to recognize order in the world or to generate it oneself is universal and perpetual. Art is the act of creating something from nothing of significance such as murals and wall paintings that have served as a form of storytelling. It has served as a way for cultures from all parts of the globe in order to make their stories known and to preserve the rich heritage of their tribe or nation. Murals and wall paintings are also considered as the link of the past to the present, and to what the world could be in the future. Baldwin and Roskill (1997, p. 188) supported this idea when they wrote it is a present experience as well as a record of the past, and it is valued, preserved. Due to this, today is a careful era wherein past artworks such as murals and frescoes are being restored, in order to bring to life once again their beauty and majesty, so that generations after this generation will be able to stand spellbound in front of them, and know the story of their forefathers. Trigiani (2005, p. 221) once wrote about a group of people who was restoring and redecorating an old church in New Jersey. The old church was left as it was throughout hundreds of years, and when the type of restoration came, the group didnt hold back in the task. There they found one such marvel: they discovered that a fresco was actually just painting on a canvas which was placed on a wall. This is already a marvel of discovery at itself, yet when they peeled back the canvas, the painting of the Blessed Mother; there they saw that there was another canvas behind the original. And the hidden canvas portrays a naked, sexy, voluptuous woman. Though this is but an interesting twist in a novel, this point clearly emphasizes that artists have used murals, frescoes, and wall paintings as a form of expression and of storytelling. For the artist who have hidden a picture of a beautiful woman beneath a blessed image, it is his form of acknowledging the beauty of his loved ones, as he tries to capture one moment of an important moment. And each time he glances up at the painting of the Blessed Mother, he will be able to see the woman he loves underneath her. History of Wall Painting The art of wall painting was only enjoyed before by governments and wealthy people (Geracismos, 2006). Though it has been around for hundreds of years, only the elite had access to wall painting. The term mural comes from the Latin word murus, which means wall. Therefore, the literal translation of a mural painting would be wall painting. This is not surprising, since murals are often placed on walls and ceilings of private residences and other public buildings. The first known muralists were the Egyptians, who decorated walls of tombs with scenes of war, hunting, and ceremonies during 3d millennium BC (Berman, 1997). This corresponds to the rich Egyptian culture then, as well as their technology wherein people have to rely on the spoils of war, as well on hunting for their daily food and meals. The ceremonies indicate the Egyptian culture of having intricate ceremonies to honor gods, because foregoing a ceremony could bring ill luck and might bring the wrath of the displeased god to the people. This could be one of the reasons why Egyptian painted murals on their tombs: in order to remind the souls of their departed loved ones of their rich history, and the gods they need to please in the afterlife. From then on the art of wall painting grew and developed, with the Greeks and Italian taking advantage of the discipline and creating even more intricate and beautiful designs. During the 6th to 5th centuries BC, the Greeks created epic murals which coincide with the battles described in Greek literature (Berman, 1997). This portrays another use for murals such as keeping the story, preserving the culture, and the current status of their lives. During the Hellenistic Period of Olynthos mosaics by Greeks, the Romans copied the prospect of murals and applied this to their homes and temples, while bordering the approach to naturalism. This started the rage fir mosaics in Europe, which was at its peak during the 4th to 13th century. The richness of color in the Early Christian Art makes it outstanding, with realistic murals of saints and angels in stationed in churches to provide a more heavenly aura for churchgoers (Bernan, 1997). Wall painting still continues to grow and develop even in the present era. It has gone through the era of classical art, which resulted to fewer mosaics, and the art direction went from naturalism to romanticism and to revolutionary themes. Though throughout the ages, one thing remains constant: a mural conveys what message the artist wants to impart with the audience. Mexican muralists Diego River and Jà ³se Clemente Orozco painted murals with revolutionary themes. This embodies their hopes in reforms and in the support of the people. Perhaps one of the most talked about early murals would be the cave paintings found at Altamira Spain during 1879, and in Lascaux, France during 1940 (Berman, 1997). These paintings are unique for that particular area, so it was easy to identify when the murals were created. These aged murals have a hunting theme, with overlapping forms which are elongate flight, and it also gives the impression of a prey cowering to death (Hiester, 1989, p. 27). This is similar to the murals of early Egyptians which portrayed on their walls how to make a living. Before men and women became intelligent and sophisticated, they were first and foremost primeval hunters who preyed on animals in order to live. Types of wall paintings There are many materials being used, and methods and techniques being used for wall paintings. Each method depends on the current era and culture, and the materials available as they developed by technology. The most common of them are frescoes, encaustic murals, mosaic, stained glass, baked enamels, modern synthetic materials, and photographic murals (Berman, 1997). As technology develops, more and more materials are being used for murals, such as casual paint and an ordinary brush which are painted on street walls. Frescoes The origins of frescoes are unknown are unclear, since there were only few early pieces which survived (Gealt, 1997). However, around c. 1700 BC, frescoes were discovered to be used in the Minoan Art of Crete (Berman, 1997). This perhaps would be the earliest piece of fresco during that time. During 2008, Dietsch provided a better picture of modern murals that were found in the Pompeii Exhibit. She described how the frescoes took a turn toward naturalism, wherein every detail is exact and precise. Birds and statuary indicated that there was a garden nearby the original location of the fresco, since it was an ancient Pompeian residence which was only excavated during 1978 and 1983. In an awestruck tone, Dietsch continued to describe the beauty of the Pompeian fresco as it became a bridge between the physical objects of that era, to the objects depicted on the fresco. Italian painter Constantino Brumidi created such a fresco filled with flowers, birds, and beasts which is a classic grotesque painting during 1856 to 1880. This fresco was able to picture clearly the daily events of human life, such as the flowers one would see every day, and captured it in a frozen moment that will last for all time. True to the frescos purpose, it was able to provide accurate representations of that era (Geracimos, 1997). A fresco conservator who was restoring Brumidis fresco noted how she was able to see how visitors are in awestruck amazement of the fresco as she is. Geracimos (1997) mentioned during the interview that the conservator was quoted to have said, There is a friendly, happy feeling around the frescoes. I have a sense that people see the recovery of the spirit and dignity in the original. Frescoes and murals alike were used to convey the story of a particular era, as well as to release emotions from those who will see them. They do not only beautify a place, but add to the atmosphere as well. An example of such fresco being able to depict feelings would be the Last Judgment in Romes Sistine Chapel. For a church, the breathtaking and forbidding fresco on the ceiling was able to both awe the churchgoers with its beauty and majesty, yet is also able to make them feel a little daunted by their sins. The fresco clearly illustrate the thin line between heaven and hell, and for every churchgoer who would look up and glance at its beauty, they will be reminded that they will have to live in the right side in order to avoid being in hell when the last judgment comes. Types of frescoes The 1300s to 1800s brought with them the boom of frescoes as they were painted on walls and ceilings of public buildings, churches, and private residences (Gealt, 1997). Among the many methods of wall painting in the early days, frescoes could be said as the more popular method of wall painting. There are two types of fresco: a buon fresco (or a true fresco) is created by applying a fresh wet layer of plaster on a wall surface, and is painted with pigments that are mixed with water (Gealt, 1997). This is the most utilized form of fresco, as the output would be very impressive and beautiful. Then there is the other type of fresco which is referred to as a secco fresco (or dry fresco). This is used by painting a dry surface with adhesive binder flakes (Gealt, 1997). Unlike buon fresco, this type of fresco is not permanent, and could be removed once the owner has used it to his or her preference. Wall Painting now Though a lot about wall painting has changed, there are some things that remain constant. Though there are more materials, and more purposes of murals and wall paintings, such as beautifying a home, or covering an ugly street, they still provide a sense of culture during the present time. What began as symbolic wall paintings that were sacred in caves, churches, and other early dwellings, became common and usual household paintings. Murals, frescoes, and other forms of wall painting are even see in government buildings, schools, and subway stations throughout the country (Hiester, 1989). Wall painting changed depending on culture, from the Roman and Greek warfare, to the epics of the Greek and the early Christian charges, to the Renaissance and revolutionary murals depicted to show life as it progresses. Heister (1989) continues with the changes in the mural setting, as she and her colleagues in the Education department team up with students to paint a mural for their school. They used everyday materials, such as Latex wall paint and foam brushes. The technology provides more uses for murals and frescoes than never before. An example would be Heister building a paneled mural for the school, as well as it being utilized in interior decoration by middle-class families. What used to be a declaration of wealth before is now something casual and usual, thanks to technology which enabled middle-class people to have access to frescoes (Geracimos, 2006). Murals and frescoes are now being used in interior designing. An interior decorator could also paint on a canvas as thin as wallpaper, so that the home owners will be able to take the canvas with them if they decide to move homes. It is also very mobile, such as what Hiester (1989) did with their mural, wherein the panels could be removed to accommodate new murals of future students that are more fitting for the time. In a way, murals are still used to beautify homes. Geracimos (2006) says that the trend is part of a larger pattern around the country that has people investing heavily in their domestic environment, the trend being the personalized murals in each home. There are many ways of taking advantage of murals in a home, such as painting a fairytale theme in a childs room, or something that might be able to ignite a childs imagination. Main rooms are also given the impression that they are bigger, thanks to murals. The materials being used are not as restricted as well. Nowadays interior decorators could create walls to look like limestone, burlap, or linen only by using paint. Such technology was unavailable before, but nowadays people can take advantage of this wonder (Geracimos, 2006). What is disheartening is that despite the boom of wall painting in the present era, there is a sad price that artists have to pay. Nowadays people do not see frescoes and murals as what they really are (which are pictures that have captured life and is a way of bringing into the present some of the past, which provides continuity); instead what people see is a murals shallow beauty. To illustrate better this point, Lothar (2007) writes about Lavaudieu village in France, describing the place as unspoiled stone village, no shops, no bars, no nightlife, just a restaurant or two. This quiet is supplemented with Lothars next words which are, what makes the village worth a visit are the exquisite 11th-century Benedictine abbeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the refectory is a glow with Byzantine-influenced murals. With that simple sentence, Lothar was able to depict the murals in the area as something that was supposed to be appealing and peaceful. Never mind if, say for example, the murals painted on the abbey is filled with demons and angels fighting for the Lord. The people stopped caring about things that really matter, such as what a piece means, and instead preferred to think about just how shallow a murals image is. From sacred images, graffiti, and interior decoration It is clearly emphasized in the paper that the previous purpose of murals would be to beautify homes and to preserve the culture of one society. It has evolved to the purpose of beautifying homes, to draw epic tales and to encourage beautiful stories throughout history. With each technological advancement and marvel come different application of murals and frescoes. The Egyptians used murals to show their rich history in terms of their celebrations, deaths, and other important occasions, while there are those that showed war, revolution, and hunger on the walls. Now everywhere one looks, there are murals and paintings on the streets and walls. Politicians use walls as another way of campaigning, teenagers and gang members would put graffiti in the blank and clean walls. Did it grow or diminish over the years? From the sacred images in churches that were able to raise fear and astonishment to those who see it, to the common graffiti that are being splattered on blank walls in the neighborhoods. Thanks to the developments of todays technology, murals are accessible to everybody. Yet this accessibility could also wreck the beauty of murals, as they could be taken for granted.